Pricing Strategy Principles
The Microeconomics of Product Bundling
Product bundling allows a firm to extract consumer surplus from buyers with negative correlation in their willingness to pay for individual goods (Adams & Yellen, 1976):
- Price Discrimination: Packaging products together reduces the dispersion of consumer valuations, allowing a single bundle price to capture higher overall market share.
- Cannibalization Risk: If existing high-margin standalone buyers switch to a deeply discounted bundle without attracting enough net-new buyers, total profit can decline.
- Marginal Cost Advantage: Digital goods and SaaS with near-zero marginal costs ($C_A approx 0$) yield massive operating leverage through bundling.
Measure customer price elasticity in the Price Elasticity of Demand Lab.